Beyond Random Effects: When Small-Study Findings Are More HeterogeneousT. D. Stanley, Hristos Doucouliagos, and John P. A. IoannidisEvidence from meta-analyses indicates that small-sample studies typically have higher heterogeneity and higher standard errors. This correlated heterogeneity violates the random-effects (RE) model of additive and independent heterogeneity. When small studies have not only inadequate statistical power but… Read More »